Qingming Festival Essay Example

Qingming Festival Essay Qingming Festival, also known as Pure Brightness Festival, which falls on either April 4th or 5th of the solar calendar (one of the Chinese Twenty-four Solar Terms). From that day temperatures begin to rise and rainfall increases, indicating that it is crucial time for plowing and sowing in the spring. Qingming Festival therefore has a close relationship with agriculture. However, it is not only a seasonal symbol; it is also a festival of paying respect of the dead, a spring outing, and other activities. Because it reinforces the ethic of filial piety, Qingming is a major Chinese festival. Qingming Festival is a time of many different activities, among which the main ones are tomb sweeping, taking a spring outing, and flying kites. Some other lost customs like wearing willow branches on the head and riding on swings have added infinite joy in past days. The festival is a combination of sadness and happiness. Tomb sweeping is regarded as the most important custom in the Qingming Festival from which the name of Tomb-sweeping day is got. Cleaning the tomb and paying respect to the dead person with offerings are the two important parts of remembering the past relatives. Weeds around the tomb are cleared away and fresh soil is added to show care of the dead. The dead person’s favorite food and wine are taken to sacrifice to them, along with paper resembling money. This is all burned in the hoped that the deceased are not lacking food and money. Kowtow before the tablets set up for the dead are made. Today, with cremation taking over from burying, the custom has been extremely simplified in cities. We will write a custom essay sample on Qingming Festival specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Qingming Festival specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Qingming Festival specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Only flowers are presented to the dead relatives and revolutionary martyrs. No matter how respect is shown, good prayers for the deceased are expressed. Not only it is a day for commemorating the dead, it is also a festival for people to enjoy themselves. During March, everything in nature takes on a new look, as trees turn green, flowers blossom, and the sun shines brightly. Nature unfolds her beauty in shapes, colors sounds, dynamic pictures, stills, scents, obscure mists and clouds. It is a fine time to go out and to appreciate the beautiful scenes of nature during the festival. This custom can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty (618-907) and followed by each dynasty later till today. So visitors can be seen everywhere during the month of the festival. Spring outings not only add joy to life but also promote a healthy body and mind. Flying kites is an activity favored by many people during the Qingming Festival. Kites are not only flown during the day time but also in the evening. Little lanterns are tied to the kite or to the string that holds the kite. And when the kite is flying in the sky, the lanterns look like twinkling stars that add unique scenery to the sky during the night. What makes flying kites during this festival special is that people cut the string while the kite is in the sky to let it fly free. It is said this brings good luck and that diseases can be eliminated by doing this. All in all, the Qingming Festival is an occasion of unique characteristics, integrating sorrowful tears to the dead with the continuous laughter from the spring outing.

4 of the Most Common LinkedIn Mistakes

4 of the Most Common LinkedIn Mistakes For a rookie LinkedIn user, the site can feel like Facebook 2.0. Oh hey, I know that guy! He fell asleep in 20th Century Topics every week in college! Look, it’s the girl who used to sit by the elevator two jobs ago! Making these not-so-useful â€Å"connections† is often a mistake- as are the other 4 items on this list from Don Goodman over at Careerealism. 1. You don’t carefully evaluate who you allow as a connection.Do not add the aforementioned connections- be very selective about the add requests you make. Stick to promising contacts in your industry or people who can recommend you for specific skills. Think of LinkedIn as the opposite of Facebook! Be generous- but honest- in your recommendations, too.2. You didn’t pick your profile picture with care.Your profile definitely has a higher chance of being viewed with a photo. Choose one that is friendly, professional, and approachable. Give special scrutiny to the background- don’t have someone tak e a terrific pic with a sloppy couch behind you!3. Your sub-header doesn’t â€Å"talk.†The sub-header is an underused tool by many LinkedIn users. What a recruiter will see is your name and a headline, like â€Å"Associate Editor, ABC Magazine†. That’s fine if you have a job and you’re happy in it, but consider something more descriptive, like â€Å"Healthcare Marketing Pro and Medical Marketing Advisor†- it gives a sense of your experience, your specialties and your range.4. You haven’t adjusted your privacy settings.I try to keep my Facebook to people I know and trust. Anyone else gets sent to an â€Å"acquaintance† list, and I keep a close eye on the audience for each update and notification. Give the same attention to your LinkedIn; the privacy settings on your profile should be more publicly accessible, but any activities relating to job-hunting, like connecting with recruiters or getting recommendations from current colle agues, should be kept private from your current employer (for obvious reasons).When in doubt, have a friend look over your profile while they’re logged in to their own to make sure that only what you want displayed is visible!

Managed Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managed Care - Essay Example Reference is made to the context and the forms of managed care, as described through the literature and the relevant empirical research. Furthermore, the critical examination of the current activities of managers in health care organizations has led to the assumption that these activities can be influenced by the policies related to managed care but the power of these policies to introduce radical changes in these activities is not standardized, being related to the conditions in the internal and external organizational environment and the personal perceptions/ background of the individuals (managers) involved. In order to identify the potential influence of managed care policies on the activities of managers in health care organizations, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the elements of the managed care framework, as it has been extensively developed across USA. Different approaches have been used in order to describe managed care, probably because of the extension of the particular framework. In accordance with Rickel and Wise (2000) managed care can be described as a framework ‘establishing networks of service providers who agree to the conditions of a contract and choose providers based on the cost, quality and range of services they provide’ (Rickel and Wise 53). ... work is described in the study of Edmunds (1997); in accordance with the above study, managed care ‘imposes limitation on utilization of health care services by specifying which practitioners and which services are covered – often, also the number of allowable visits’ (Edmunds 41). In other words, managed care involves in the critical examination of a case (referring to the patient visiting a health services organization) and the referral of the case to appropriate specialists who have the skills and the experience to handle it. Of course, there are chances that the health problem of a patient can be effectively addressed at the first level of the network – i.e. by the primary care provider. Through the above process, the costs related to the health care services are reduced, in the terms that unnecessary expenses on health are avoided, a fact that can significantly benefit the patients but also the state – in cases where medical expenses are covered by the state. From another point of view, the time and the resources spent on each case are appropriately filtered, increasing the effectiveness of health care organizations, which, through the managed care plans can handle more cases, i.e. they are able to respond to the needs of more patients, a fact that increases the effectiveness of the entire health care system. In order to understand the potential influence of the policies of managed care plans on the activities of managers in health care services organizations (HSO), it would be necessary to describe the environment in which these plans are developed; it would be also necessary to refer to the participants, at the level that their decisions and initiatives could affect the activities of managers in HSOs. In accordance with McKenzie and Pinger (2008) the

International Marketing Plan ( The Argos entering the China market) Coursework

International Marketing Plan ( The Argos entering the China market) - Coursework Example One of such notable is the introduction of one child policy by the government in 1979. Another, significant change noted in 1997, when Hong Kong returned to the control of China. This has lead to a significant impact in the economy as well as in the culture of the region. However, through all the changes from the history of the nation, presently the nation has commanded as the second largest economy in the world. With regard to geographical scenario, the location of China is highly favourable to most of the foreign as it is located near to most of the nations. The nation is located in the South East Asia and along the costal lines of the Pacific Ocean. Thus, shipping from China is highly convenient to the international traders. As China is the largest nation in the world and having a vast land area the climate greatly differs throughout the nation. This enables China to have a varied temperature and rainfall throughout the nation. However, majority of the land area of the nation possess continental monsoon. Additionally, the winter season of the nation is mostly observed to be cold and dry while the summer is hot and rainy. Moreover, it is also important to note that China do not possess extreme climatic condition that discourages the investors. Topographically, China has higher altitudes in the western part while it has lower altitudes in the eastern region. It is observed that two third of the nation possess plateaus and mountains. However, it is also important to note that topographically the nation is not unfavourable that would discourage the investors. The topographical image of China is shown underneath. With the change in the economical structure of China, the nation has also undergone a significant change in the family structure. It is observed that majority of the people of the nation possess a nuclear family structure. This comprises of

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writer's choice - Essay Example In today’s business environment culture of a country is perceives to be quite crucial for the successful operation of the business. Accordingly, different countries of the world have distinct cultural values and norms which differentiate them from other nations. In order to analyses the role of culture on the business practices, China is being selected as a country due to its diverse culture. Concerning with the cultural aspects of China, social structure is chosen to ascertain valuable understanding. Thus this paper will primarily intend emphasize on the social structure of the country as part of their culture in order to attain considerable understanding (Diller, 2011). China is considered as the country to be analyzed owing to the fact that it is among the biggest nations of the world with rich cultural heritage right from the olden days. This aspect attracts people from all part of the world to visit the place for various purposes. Politically, the country also has various aspects to be showcased. The government of the country is administered by a single party called the communist party of China. This depicts that power lies in the hands of the few selected people only. The political condition of the country is considered to be quite stable for business it encourage business to establish in the country. This aspect reduces the risk of business operation in the country owing to the support of the government. This also depicts the mindsets of the government regarding business. Economically, the GDP of the country relatively impressive as it is the second largest economy after the USA. Moreover, average income of the people of the country is increas ing on a regular basis which further depicts that each and every person of the country is ensuring more values towards the society which ultimately resulted in hike in purchasing power of the people. This affects the mindset of the people and they are more and

Cryptography and Steganography For Secure Communication

Cryptography and Steganography For Secure Communication Combination of Cryptography and Steganography for secure communication is a tool that combines both Cryptography methods and Steganography techniques for secure communication. The application is a cross-platform tool that can be effectively hide a message inside a digital video file. In the field of data communication, security has the top priority. Cryptography is one of the technique for secure plain text messages. Cryptography makes the necessary elements for secure communication namely privacy, confidentiality, key exchange and authentication but reveals the fact that communication is happening. Steganography takes cryptography a step farther by hiding the existence of the information. Steganography plays a vital role in the data communication field in the future primarily in computer security and privacy on open systems such as internet. The figure below[1], gives different applications of Steganography. Protection against detection (Data hiding) and protection against removal (Document Marking) are two major areas Steganographic methods are used. Steganographic Data hiding algorithms allows user to hide large amounts of information within digital files like Image, audio and video files. These forms of Steganography often used in conjunction with cryptography adding layers of security. The Other major area of Steganography is document marking where the message to be inserted is used to assert copyright over a document. This can be further divided into watermarking and fingerprinting. Copyright abuse is the motivating factor in developing new document marking technologies like digital watermarking and digital fingerprinting. Digital Watermarking is a way to hide a secret or personal message to protect a products copyright or to demonstrate data integrity. Digital Fingerprinting  is an emerging technology to protect multimedia from unauthorized redistribution. It embeds a unique ID into each users copy, which can be extracted to help identify culprits when an unauthorized leak is found [2]. Neither Cryptography nor Steganography is a turnkey solution to privacy of open systems. To add multiple layers of security it is always a good practice to use both Cryptography and Steganography together. While performing Cryptography we should know two formulas ( Cipher formula, Decipher formula). Rationale: To make the communication more secure in this application we are implementing three layers of security like Steganography, Cryptography and Compression. The application first compresses the word document with secret message, and then encrypts the compressed file and uses the resulted file as the secret message to hide in the digital video file generating a Stego-object. The intended receiver de-embeds decrypts and decompresses the Stego-object respectively to get the hidden message. This paper also attempts to identify the requirements of a good Steganographic algorithm and briefly reflects on different types of steganalysis techniques.The application uses Tiny encryption algorithm and Discrete Cosine Transformation-Least significant bit algorithm for implementing Cryptography and Steganography respectively. The outcome of this project is to create a cross-platform tool that can effectively hide a message (i.e. Word document) inside a digital video file. It is concerned with embeddin g information in a secure and robust manner. REVIEW OF RELEVANT LITERATURE Background to subject of study: The idea of building this tool is to make the communication is such a way that no one can detect the message inside the stego-object. Earlier we have tools for different tools for Steganography and Cryptography. In this tool we are implementing three layers of security (Steganography, Cryptography and Compression) so that the communication can be more secure and all can be done in a single tool instead of using three different tools. Steganography has came into usage in 1990s and it is still using in many ways by Governments, Private citizens, Business and Terrorist organizations for communication to share information and passwords. Cryptography came into consideration in 18th century. The goal of cryptography is to make it possible for two communication entities to exchange a message in such a way that no third party can understand the message. Cryptography has been implementing from many days, in the World war Germany and USA. They have used it in sharing messages and implemented machines to implement cryptography. Examples and critique of current research in the field: There are many tools that are implementing Steganography now a days. The SARC (Steganography Analysis and Research Center has implemented three tools in steganography like Steganography Analyzer Artifact Scanner, Steganography Analyzer Signature Scanner and Steganography Analyzer Real-Time Scanner. The Steganography Analyzer Artifact Scanner detect files and registry entries associated with steganography applications where as Steganography Analyzer Signature Scanner detect files containing steganography and extract the hidden information and the Steganography Analyzer Real-Time Scanner detect steganography artifacts and signatures in real-time over a network. S-Tool is also one of the steganography tool that is using now a days. Its free to download and hides the data in an image or sound file. It compresses the data before encrypting and hides it in a image file or audio file. PILOT RESEARCH STUDY Hypothesis: As sending the message will be easy for unauthorized persons to detect the information in the situations like passwords sharing and confidential information sharing. So for that we have methods that can make the information secure. By using Steganography and Cryptography techniques we can share the information more securely by hiding the information in other files. Even though we have some risks that are involved in these techniques we can be rectified to certain extend by using this tool. Research method: This application is implemented for secure transmission of data. In this application we have three layers of security like compression, Cryptography and Steganography. We are using different type of algorithms in Cryptography and Steganography so that the hackers cannot identify which algorithm is supposed to be used. In secret key Cryptography several algorithms are in operation like Data Encryption Standard (DES), Rivest Chipers (aka Rons Code), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), Blowfish and CAST-128/256. In public key Cryptography we have Elliptic Curve Cryptography(ECC), ElGamal, Digital signature Algorithm (DSA), Diffie-Hellman and RSA algorithms mostly isong now a days. In hash function in Cryptography Hash of variable length(HAVAL), Tiger, RIPEMD, Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) and Message Digest Algorith(MD) are in use. Tiny Encryption Algorithm is also one of the Feistel Cipher encryption algorithm that was designed in 1994 is used in Cryptography that uses mixed orthogonal algebraic groups like ADD, SHIFT and XOR. In steganography we are using different Steganographic methods for hiding information into a video file like LSB (Discrete Cosine Transformation-List Significant Bit Encoding). Each frame in a video file holds a piece of secret message. Cryptography use cipher algorithm for encryption and decryption of data. In the previous decades they were used ciphers like Scytale Transportation Cipher, Caesar Substitution Chiper, Zodiac Chiper and Vigenere Polyalphabetic Substitution. Both Steganography and Cryptography are data security techniques, but the cryptography is implemented to data unread and Steganography in for data unseen. Steganography can use Cryptography where as Cryptography cannot use Steganography. Steganography implemented to Cryptographic data will increase in security level. Initial Results: In this application i am implementing three layers of security to make the information more secure. There are no any tools that implementing all the three layers like compression, Cryptography and Steganograpy. We have tools for steganography like S-Tool and for Cryptography. By using one tool instead of using three tools will save time and money with more security. This is the basic advantage of this application. The help document will guide in Interface. OUT LINE OF PROPOSAL Aims of the Investigation: The aim of this paper is to describe a method for integrating together cryptography and Steganography for secure communication using a Video file. The proposed system first compresses the secret message (i.e. word document) and then implements cryptographic algorithms to the compressed message. The resulted file is used as the secret message to be hidden in the digital video file. Once the video file is embedded with the secret message, it is sent to the intended receiver. The video file should be de-embedded, decrypted and decompressed to get the original secret message hence, adding three layers of security to the communication. I am going to design a good Graphical User Interface (GUI) with help notes so that anyone can understand ahout the application easily. Research Objectives: The objective of this project is to hide secret messages (e.g. Text Phrase, word document) inside other harmless messages such as Image and Video file, in a way that does not allow any third party to even detect that there is a second secret message present in it. The application implements this by combining the Steganographic methods with Cryptographic techniques (i.e. Encryption, decryption) to make the transfer more secure. It is concerned with embedding information in a secure and robust manner. The Text file will be compressed and after that the compressed file will go on with a Cryptography and Steganography. Methodologies: Modules of the Application: The application has two modes of operation i.e. Sender and Receiver. The three major modules for Sender mode of application are Compression: The application first compresses the document to be transferred Encryption: An Encryption algorithm encrypts the compressed file and the resulted file is used as secret message. Embedding: The encrypted file is hidden in the Harmless Message (video file) using corresponding Steganographic algorithm, which generates a Stego Object, which is sent to the intended recipient. The three major modules for the Receiver mode of application are De-Embedding: The Stego Object is de-embedded generating an encrypted file. Decryption: The encrypted file is decrypted using an the Encryption algorithm, and the resulted file is given to the compression module De-Compression: The application then de-compresses the document and we have the Secret message. Steganography and cryptography are closely related. Cryptography scrambles messages so they cannot be understood Whereas, Steganography will hide the message so there is no knowledge of the existence of the message [7]. Sending an encrypted message will arouse suspicion while an invisible message will not do so. The application developed in this project combines both sciences to produce better protection of the message. Even if the Steganography fails since the message is in encrypted form it is of no use for the third party, hence the information is secure. In Cryptography we have used three types of methodologies and are implemented depending on the encryption Algorithm.They are Secret key Cryptography, Public key Cryptography and hash function. These 3 methods are briefly explained below. Secret Key Cryptography: Secret key Cryptography, also known as symmetric encryption uses same key for encryption and decryption. The sender uses key to encrypt the text and sends ciphertext to the receiver. The receiver applies the same key to decrypt the message and recover the Text. K K Text Ciphertext Text E( ) D( ) K-key, E-Encryption, D-Decryption Secret key Cryptography The above figure shows the process of secret key cryptography. The biggest difficulty with this approach is the distribution of the key. Block ciphers can operate in one of the several modes. Electronic Codebook (ECB), Cipher Block Chaining (CBC), Cipher Feedback (CFB), Output Feedback (OFB) are the most important modes. Data Encryption Standard (DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), CAST-128/256, Rivest Ciphers (aka Rons Code), Blowfish are some of the Secret key cryptography algorithms [3]. Public-Key Cryptography: K1 K2 Text Ciphertext Text E( ) D( ) K-key, E-Encryption, D-Decryption Public key Cryptography Public key cryptography is a two-key cryptography system in which two keys are used in encryption and decryption for secure communication without having to share a secret key. One key is used to encrypt the text, designated the public key which can be advertised. The other key is used to decrypt the ciphertext to plaintext and is designated the private key which is never revealed to another party. This approach also called as asymmetric cryptography, because we use a pair of keys. The figure shows the process of the public cryptographic algorithms. Public key cryptography depends upon the one-way functions, which are easy to compute whereas their inverse function is relatively difficult to compute. RSA, Diffie-Hellman, Digital signature Algorithm (DSA), ElGamal, and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC, are the examples of Public-key cryptography algorithms [3]. Hash Functions: Hash functions, are also called as message digests and one-way encryption. Hash function algorithms do not use a key to carry out the encryption and decryption process. Instead, the algorithm computes a fixed length hash value based upon the text that keeps both the contents and the length of the message secure. Tiny Encryption Algorithm is a Feistel cipher encryption algorithm that uses operations from mixed orthogonal algebraic groups like XOR, ADD and SHIFT. David Wheeler and Roger Needham of the Cambridge University Computer Laboratory designed TEA in the year 1994. A Feistel cipher is a block cipher with a structure known as a Feistel network. In a Feistel cipher, the data been encrypted is split into two halves. The function F( ) is applied to one half using a sub key and the output of F() is XORed with the other half and the two halves are swapped. Each round function follows the same pattern except for last round. A nice feature of a Feistel cipher is that encryption and decryption are identical i.e. the sub keys used during encryption at each round are taken in reverse order while decryption [4]. The main goal of TEA is to minimize memory footprint and maximize speed. TEA is simple to implement, has less execution time, and takes minimal storage space. TEA uses a large number of iterations rather than a complicated program. Notation: Any number subscripted with h represents a Hexadecimal number e.g: 10h represents 16 in decimal values. Notations for Bitwise Shifts and Rotations: x x >> y: denotes logical right shift of x by y bits. x x >>> y: denotes right rotation of x by y bits. XOR: In computer science, an XOR is a mathematical operation that combines two bits. It returns value is TRUE if either of the two bits is TRUE, but false if both are equal. For our cryptography algorithm, we do an XOR combining two strings of bits. Say x and y are two string patterns then XOR for x and y is denoted by xà ¢Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢y [4]. Integer Addition and Subtraction: The operation of integer addition modulo 2n is denoted by and subtraction modulo 2n is denoted by. Where x, y à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã‹â€  Z2n (The value of n should be clear from the context) The key is set at 128 bits and the key schedule algorithm splits the 128-bit key K into four 32-bit blocks K = ( K[0], K[1], K[2], K[3]). The 128-bit key is enough to prevent simple search techniques being effective [4]. Encryption Routine: The Encrypt Routine given in figure [4], is written in the C language and assumes a 32-bit word size. The 128 bit key is split into four parts and is stored in K[0] k[3] and the Data is stored in v[0] and v[1]. void code(long* v, long* k) { unsigned long y=v[0],z=v[1], sum=0, /* set up */ delta=0x9e3779b9, /* a key schedule constant */ n=32 ; while (n>0) { /* basic cycle start */ sum += delta ; y += ((z>5)+k[1]) ; z += ((y>5)+k[3]) ; } /* end cycle */ v[0]=y ; v[1]=z ; } Encryption Routine for TEA The constant delta is given as delta = (à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡5 -1) * 231 i.e. 9E3779B9h and is derived from the golden number ratio to ensure that the sub keys are distinct and its precise value has no cryptographic significance. TEA uses addition and subtraction as the reversible operators instead of XOR. The TEA encryption routine relies on the alternate use of XOR and ADD to provide nonlinearity. The algorithm has 32 cycles (64 rounds). TEA is short enough to write into almost any program on any computer. TEA on one implementation is three times as fast as a good software implementation of DES, which has 16 rounds. The figure shown below [4], gives an overview of two rounds i.e. one cycle of TEA. Key size: 128 bit key is split into four subkeys K = { K[0],K[1],K[2],K[3] } Block size: 64 bits Structure: Feistel Network Rounds: Variable (64 Feistel rounds (32 cycles) is recommended). . Represents Integer addition modulo Represents XOR Represents logical left shift by 4 bits Represents logical right shift by 5 bits Two Feistel Rounds (one cycle) of TEA Inputs for the Encryption routine: Plaintext P, Key K The plaintext is split into two halves as P= (Left[0],Right[0]) Output for the Encryption routine: The cipher text is C Where C=(Left[64], Right[64]). The plaintext block is split into two halves, Left[0] and Right[0] and each half is used to encrypt the other half over 64 rounds of processing then combined to produce the cipher text block. Each round i has inputs Left[i-1] and Right[i-1], derived from the previous round, as well as a sub key K[i] derived from the 128 bit overall K. The Output and the delta constant of the ith cycle of TEA are given as Left [i+1] = Left[i] F ( Right[i], K [0, 1], delta[i] ), Right [i +1] = Right[i] F ( Right[i +1], K [2, 3], delta[i] ), delta[i] = (i +1)/2 * delta, The sub keys K[i] are different from K and from each other. The Round function F contains the key addition, bitwise XOR and both left and right shift operations, and given as F(M, K[j,k], delta[i] ) = ((M > 5) K[k]) F Round function and K[i] key for the ith round Encryption Process for TEA The keys K[0] and K[1] are used in the odd rounds and the keys K[2] and K[3] are used in even rounds. The round function of TEA encryption algorithm differs slightly from a classical Feistel cipher structure where integer addition modulo-2 ³Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² is used instead of XOR as the combining operator. The above figure[4] gives an overview of the encryption process for TEA. Decryption Routine: void decode(long* v, long* k) { unsigned long n = 32, sum, y = v[0], z = v[1], delta = 0x9e3779b9 ; sum = delta /* start cycle */ while (n>0) { z = (y>5)+k[3] ; y -= (z>5)+k[1] ; sum -= delta ; } /* end cycle */ v[0] = y ; v[1] = z ; } Decryption Routine for TEA The decryption routine shown in the figure[4], is same as the encryption routine with the cipher text as input and the sub keys K[i] are used in the reverse order. Inputs for the Decryption routine: Cipher text C, Key K The cipher text is split into two halves as C= (DLeft[0],DRight[0]) Where Dleft[0]=ERight[64] and DRight[0]=Eleft[64] Output for the Decryption routine: The plain text is P, Where C=(DLeft[64], DRight[64]). F Round function and K[i] key for the ith round. Decryption Process for TEA The figure [4] gives the structure of the decryption algorithm for TEA. The intermediate value for the decryption process equals the corresponding value of the encryption process with the two halves of the value swapped. For example say the output of the nth round of the encryption process is ELeft[i] concatenated with ERight[i] then the input to the (64-i)th decryption round is DRight[i] concatenated with DLeft[i]. DCT-LSB (Discrete Cosine Transformation-List Significant Bit Encoding): DCT-LSB is a Steganographic method is a substitution algorithm used for hiding information behind Video files. Each frame in the video holds a part of the secret message. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) transforms successive 8 ÃÆ'- 8 pixel blocks of the frame into 64 DCT coefficients each. The DCT coefficients D(i, j) of an 8 ÃÆ'- 8 block of image pixels p(x, y) are given by the formula below Least Significant Bit (LSB) is a simple Steganographic method that takes the individual pixels of the frame and replaces the least significant bits with the secret message bits. It is by far the most popular of the coding techniques used. The process of LSB algorithm is shown in the figure below. Embed Extract LSB Process We can commandeer the least significant bit of 8-bit true color image to hold each bit of our secret message by simply overwriting the data that was already there. The impact of changing the least significant bit is almost imperceptible. Input: message, cover image Output: steganographic object containing message while data left to embed do get next DCT coefficient from cover file if DCT à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 and DCT à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   1 then get next bit from the Secret message replace DCT LSB with message bit end if insert DCT into steganographic object end while Embedding Process of DCT-LSB Input: steganographic object containing message Output: message, cover image while data left to extract do get next DCT coefficient from Stego object if DCT à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   0 and DCT à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚   1 then Extract the DCT LSB bit from the object Copy to message file end if end while Extracting Process of DCT-LSB The above figures[5] gives algorithms for embedding and extracting secret information in video files using DCT-LSB algorithm respectively. DEFLATE COMPRESSION ALGORITHM DEFLATE is a no loss compressed data format that compresses data using a combination of the LZ77 algorithm and Huffman coding. Independent of CPU type, operating system, file system, and character set Compatible with widely used gzip utility Worst case 5bytes per 32Kbyte block[6]. Ethical Considerations: There are two possible ways of attacks on Steganography (Detection and Destruction) of embedded message. The properties of the file in which we are hiding information will differ when hiding message into it. The Steganalysis will find it and analyse the stego object. Steganalysis is the technique used to detect hidden messages in digital data like video or audio file steganographically[7]. Steganalysis is used to disrupt the steganographic elements to transfer by extracting, disabling or disrupting. Detection: Most Steganographic techniques involve in changing the properties of original harmless messages like Image and Video files and the detection algorithms concentrate on detecting these changes [8]. Detecting the existence of a hidden message will save time in the message elimination phase by processing only those digital files that contains hidden information. Detecting an embedded message defeats the primary goal of Steganography techniques that is concealing the very existence of a message [8]. The algorithms vary in their approaches for hiding information. Without knowing which algorithm is used and which Stego-key is used, detecting the hidden information is quite complex. Destruction or Defeating algorithms concentrate on removing the hidden messages from the Stego object [8]. Steganalysis techniques are similar to the cryptanalysis for the cryptography methods. As we have discussed previously. Harmless Message + secret message + stego-key = stega-object Some of the known attacks for the Steganography are stego-only, known cover, known message, chosen stego, and chosen message. In Cryptography there are many types of Cryptographic attacks. The attacks are done on the Cipher text. There are some of the ways to attack cipher text like Brute force attacks, Meet in the middle attack, Birthday attack and side channel attack[9]. Plan Time Table: Activity Nov 09 Dec09 Dec09 Dec09 Jan 09 Jan 09 Jan 09 Jan 09 Feb 09 Selection of topic XX analyzing XX Research XX Literature review XX introduction XX Rationale XX methodologies XX Initial results XX conclusion XX After the approval of the research proposal the project will be started. The dissertation will be preceded according to the steps that are given by the supervisor. Limitations and Scope: Steganography is an effective way to obscure data and hide sensitive information. The effectiveness of Steganography is amplified by combining it with cryptography. By using the properties of the DCT-LSB Steganography algorithm for video file and combining it with the TEA cryptography standards, we developed a method, which adds layers of security to the communication. Steganographic methods do not intended to replace cryptography but supplement it. The strength of our system resides in adding multiple layers of security. First the secret message i.e. word document to be transferred is compressed, encrypted and then embedded in a video file using Steganographic algorithm hence, adding three layers of security. The weakness of the system developed is the size of the secret file i.e. word document after compression should be less than the size of the Cover object i.e. Video file. Since we are using compression algorithm this happens only for huge documents. As future work, we intend to study more steganalytic techniques i.e. detecting whether a particular file contains any form of embedding or not. We also plan to extend our system so that it can hide digital files in other digital files, for example hiding Audio files in Videos files etc. Personal Development and Requirement: Regarding this research a brief knowledge on steganography and cryptography and the methods that are used in embedding and de-embedding file. We should also have a brief idea on encryption and decryption algorithms in cryptography. In this application we can also encrypt strings and document files. Resource reruirements: This Application will work on any Microsoft Operating systems and the hard disk should have atleast of 4 MB memory. The RAM should be 256 Mega Bytes or higher.

Buddhism :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the early parts of my life, I learned about all of the laws that restrict our actions, as practitioners of Buddhism. I was educated about the four basic truths that all Buddhists believe. The four basic truths are Dukkha, Samudaya, Nirodha, and Marga (Anderson 24). Dukkha, or its meaning in English, suffering, tells of all the frustration in life. In order to find the end of suffering, I found that one must review the purpose for the suffering to being in one’s life (Harvey 49). the second holy truth, Samudaya deals with the origin of suffering. In my studies and from what material I was instructed, I learnedin order to deal with suffering one must find out its cause in their life. After one has found the cause, then we can begin to do something about it ( â€Å"Four Noble Truths Part I† 3). Nirodha, the third truth, is the extinction of suffering. To be able to end the sufferingone must think that the suffering can end and have confidence in attaining the end of suffering ( â€Å"Four Noble Truths Part I† 5/6). Marga, or the fourth noble truth is also known as the eight-fold path. Avoiding indulgences in pleasure and temptation are the ways to walk down this path ( â€Å"Four Noble Truths Part II† 3). As I was instructed on the eight-fold path I learned that in order to attain the end of suffering I needed to have all of the â€Å"right† pieces of the puzzle. These are right understanding, thought, speech, action, livelihook, effort, mindfulness, and concentration (â€Å"Buddhist Teachings† 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In my religion we have a code of ethics that tells our followers to avoid stealing, lying, killing all living organisms, committing improper sexual activity, and destructive occupations (Anderson 26/27). the five governing precepts explain more in depth about the code of ethics. The first precpt says to refrain form taking life away from all that are breathing (Harvey 202). I and many other followers are vegetarians because of this precept. In the second precept stealing is prohibited. Improper sexual activity is covered in the third precept. In it, it tells us that sexual activity is only to be used in order to conceive children. Polygamy, adultery, and incest are also forbidden in this precept. Lying, or as the fourth precept calls it, false speech is also forbidden (Harvey 206). The fifth precept covers alcohol and improper drug use. It is said that if one breaks this precept that person is more likely to break any or all of the previous precepts (Harvey

Role of a Butler

Throughout history, the word â€Å"butler† has always been associated with service. The dictionary defines a butler as â€Å"The principal manservant of a household. † This definition remains true even when the butler is employed in a hotel. When a guest checks in and has occupied his suite, then this becomes his household. The butler caring for him becomes the â€Å"manager† of the suite (household) and in effect an employee of the guest. Services butlers offer differ from place to place, but their activities are basically centered around making the guest more comfortable and sparing them from having to do tedious and time consuming task. A hotel butler is an ambassador who sells the hotel just as much as anyone else and should be considered a key player in a team of professionals striving to deliver a level of personalized service that exceeds not only the expectation of the guest but will add a point of difference from the service provided anywhere else. Butlers are trained to provide a very personal, and detailed service to their guests. Their main function is to take care of their guest requests, bookings, reservations, problems, complaints, supervise and co-ordinate every service that the guest receives in suite and to ensure guest satisfaction by paying attention to the smallest detail from arrival to departure. Butlers are given the awesome responsibility of contacting guests before arrival to determine their wishes and ensure everything that they like and want to do is arranged before their arrival. They personally greet guests on arrival, take care of their needs and introduce them to the facilities if they are not familiar with them. They ensure suites are ready, they unpack their suitcases, iron, clean and mend anything that is broken. They provide whatever room service needs the guests may have, from making reservations, purchasing items, bringing and serving food. Butlers are often expected to provide morning wake up drinks, lay out clothes, and keep the guest moving smoothly from one engagement to another. When the time comes to leave, the butler packs the suitcases and ensures a smooth departure. Having developed a close relationship with the guests, he then stays in touch and ensures the guest returns. A good butler should be multi-skilled and possess certain natural character traits in order to excel at his or her job. They need to possess good organizational skills and communication skills so they can carry out their tasks and perform their job in an efficient manner. They should be flexible and accommodating to a guest’s needs; capable of dealing with people of all ages and from different cultures; friendly, loyal and very subtle and unobtrusive. They have a responsibility to take ownership of any problems while removing worries and chores from the guest experience; and in the same breath foster that one of a kind unique relationship with them. As an individual who has developed a passion for guest satisfaction and one who works tirelessly in delivering flawless services in a highly professional manner, I am convinced that the role of a butler is an excellent job opportunity for me and I most certainly do possess all the above mentioned character traits that exemplifies a superb butler.

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Romanticism in the scarlet letter essays

Romanticism in the scarlet letter essays Romanticism can be defined as a literary movement marked especially by emphasis on the imagination and the emotions and by the use of autobiographical material. The years from 1810 to 1865 marked the period of romanticism. The Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850, is a piece of literature from the Romantic period. Intuition, supernatural occurrences, and nature reflecting the emotions are all techniques of Romanticism used in The Scarlet Letter. The power or faculty of knowing occurrences without conscious reasoning is intuition. Pearl asked Dimmesdale, Wilt thou stand here with mother and me, tomorrow noontide? (104). She asked him the aforementioned question because she believes he has also sinned and should have been on the scaffold with them seven years ago. Pearl has made an A out of eelgrass. Hester wonders why she has made it and asks if she knows what her A means. Pearl replies, It is for the same reason the minister keeps his hand over his heart. (132). Pearl senses that Dimmesdale also has an A, and he keeps his hand over his heart to hide his shame of being an adulterer. When talking about supernatural occurrence, in reference to Romanticism, it is when something out of the ordinary happens. It is done! The whole town will awake, and hurry forth, and find me here! (100). This is supernatural because Dimmesdale is screaming at the top of his lungs, expecting the whole town to wake and see him upon the scaffold. The only two people who take notice are Hester and Pearl; they later join him on the scaffold. We impute it, therefore, solely to the disease in his own eye and heart, that the minister, looking upward to the zenith, beheld there the appearance of an immense letter the letter A marked out in lines of dull red light. Not but the meteor may have shown itself at that point, burning duskily thro...

Financial Liberalisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Financial Liberalisation - Essay Example In the light of this irony, this paper intends to look at liberalization from the Asian perspective, specifically from the viewpoint of China and South Korea. The idea of liberalization holds at its core the notion that there be a total and complete opening of the market so that trade and capital can freely enter and move out without the burden of tax, tariffs and other forms of governmental control. Coupled with this is the idea of deregulation, which implies no governmental intervention or minimal governmental intervention in the dynamic movements of the market. This perception of liberalization has in fact has been carried over to all aspects and players of the market sparing nothing even financial institutions. The notion of financial liberalization connotes the idea that "financials markets are left to their own devices"(Soros, 2002,p 112). This inspite of the fact that financial market are basically different in nature from that of actual markets since the latter is working from known quantities (physical goods and services) whereas the former is technically working from unknowable quantities. Being such, the moment that financial m arkets are left on its own they are liable to go to extremes and breakdown. Thus, financial liberalization, though pinning for a free, level market playing field, is an oxymoron since financial institutions are basically not to be left at their own devices but must be supervised and to some extent managed by monetary authorities. Take the case of China. China's opening to international foreign trade is quite new. Considering the fact that China has just started opening her doors to foreign investors in the 60's. But despite this, the staggering improvements in financial markets in China is worth noting. On 1984, China has undertaken financial reforms and new monetary policies. Under the financial reforms, China has established its central bank known as People's Bank of China (PBOC) who has the direct say on matters pertinent to national financial institutions. While, four specialist's banks have also been established as the PBOC's arm in commercial banking functions. They are the "Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, which caters for urban enterprises an residents; the Agricultural Bank of China, which caters for rural enterprises and residents; the People's Construction of China, which mainly caters for construction enterprises; and the Bank of China which specializes in foreign exchange business" (EAAU, 2000, p 113). Further more, in 1994 three new banks have been established and these are: "State development Bank (lending for major infrastructure projects); China Import and Export Bank (providing finance for traders) and China Agricultural development Bank (providing funds f or agricultural crop purchasing)"(EAAU, 2000, p114). The latter have been established for the main purpose of removing policy-lending obligations from the four state-owned specialist's banks so that it can develop into "commercial entities" (EAAU, 2000, 114). These banks perform their specific functions over and above the normal banking transactions of accepting deposits and withdrawals, offering loans and guarantees, investments in Chinese treasury and government bonds. The most significant manifestation of financial liberal

Teamwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Teamwork - Essay Example Teamwork In organizations in which cohesiveness is present within team settings the members of the team display greater motivation. These employees value the time they spend with their co-workers. There is a lower employee turnover and lower absenteeism in companies with cohesive team units. A cohesive team unit is not achieved overnight; it takes time for employees to build trust in each other. It is more likely to cohesiveness to manifest itself when group members are similar in age, attitudes, needs and backgrounds (Schermerhorn, et al. 2003, p.202). Another factor that is favorable to achieve cohesiveness is to creating small size teams. The optimum size of a team is between four and seven members (Yeatts & Hyten, 1998). When a group is too big it becomes difficult to the member to build close relationships with each other, thus cohesiveness is harder to achieve. Creating cohesiveness within a team is important, but from an organizational perspective cohesiveness is only attractive if it enables the firm to a higher work performance. A way to determine if cohesiveness is adding value to a company is by measuring the match of cohesiveness with performance norms. If a specific work team has a high degree of cohesiveness, but the performance of the team has not improved over time or has declined then it is possible that cohesiveness is having a negative impact on the work output of the team unit.